The Native American Cultures - Unit 6 - Compact English Book - Ensino Médio.

The Native American cultures

In 1492, Christopher Columbus called (named) Indians the first natives he encountered on the island of Hispaniola, believing (supposing) he had reached (contacted) the East Indies.
The original Indian settlers (colonizers) that inhabited what now is the United States arrived (entered) tens of thousands of years ago from Southeast Asia, probably across the Bering Strait (see the map) at the end of the Ice Age (period). They themselves gradually dispersed over the North and South American continents.
They formed small bands (groups: 20-50 elements), but some tribes had 1,000 people or more. The Indians that lived (reside) in the western coastal area were mainly (principally) fishers. The Great Plains Indians such as the Cheyenne, the Sioux and the Apaches were basically hunters (caçadores). The eastern Indians belonged to tribes of 30,000 inhabitants. The southeastern tribes such as the Cherokees and the Natchez received a deep (profound) influence from the highly (extremely) developed Aztec civilization.
(From: The Best of America, Bonechi; 1996. In Inglês Ensino Médio, Vol Único, p 80; Unit 6)

Check Your Reading
1. According to the text, Columbus:a) believed he had arrived in the West Indies.
b) was wrong about the identity of the people he encountered.
c) called the natives in honor to the East Indies.
d) contacted the first Indians in Spain.
e) believed that he had touched the ground in the West Indies.

2. The American continent was populated:a) slowly.
b) from the southeast to the northeast.
c) first in the Bering Strait.
d) with the tribes of Indians probably from Asia.
e) firstly by Columbus’ sailors.

3. Circle the correct answer:
a) The Sioux didn’t live in the Great Plains.
h) The Apaches were mainly fishers.
e) The Cheyenne and the Sioux didn’t live in the same area.
d) The southeastern tribes were probably the most advanced.
e) Some American Indians were civilized in 1492.

4. Bering Strait and Great Plains are:
a) names of temples.
b) places that existed before 1492.
c) Indian names of places.
d) ancient Indian fortifications.
e) geographical denominations.

5. We read the date 1492 in the following way:
a) forty-ninety-two.
h) one thousand four hundred and ninety-two.
c) fourteen ninety-two.
d) fourteen hundred and ninety and two.
e) fourteen nineteen two.

THE ACE - GABARITO: 1 = b); 2 = a); 3 = d); 4 = e); e 5 = c).

Direções:note que as direções são formadas pela união das palavras.
north (norte); south (sul); east (leste); west (oeste).
northeast (nordeste); northwest (noroeste).
southeast (sudeste); southwest (sudoeste)
from the south = southern = sulista
from the north = northern = nortista
from the east = eastern = oriental
from the west = western = occidental
from the northeast = northeastern = ? …………

Grammar in Focus
Em inglês, a maioria dos verbos é dividida em regular verbs e irregular verbs.
Os regular verbs recebem -ed ao infinitivo: forma o Simple Past e Past Participle.
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
to repeat (repetir) repeated (repeti/u/imos) repeated (repetido/a)
to belong (pertencer) belonged belonged

SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Em inglês há verbos regulares e irregulares.
1 – Para formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta—se -d / -ed ao verbo.
Ex.: love — loved change — changed (mudar – mudei, mudaste, mudamos ...)
play — played (brincar/ tocar/ jogar – brinquei, toquei, joguei, ... )

2 – Se o verbo terminar em – y precedido de consoante, troca—se o – y por “i” + “ed”.
Ex.: carry — carried (carregar – carreguei, carregastes, ...)

study — studied (estudar – estudei, estudastes...);

hurry — hurried (apressar–se, eu me apressei, tu te apressastes)

3 – Se o verbo terminar em sílaba forte formada por consoante, vogal, consoante,
dobra—se a última consoante e acrescenta—se —ed.
Ex.: stop – stopped (parar – parei, paraste, parou, ... )
occur — occurred (ocorrer – ocorreu, ocorrera, ... )
drop — dropped (pingar – pingou, pingamos, ... )
permit – permitted (permitir – permitia, permito, ... )

Os verbos irregulares não seguem regras para a formação do passado.

Ex.: go – went – gone (ir – foi – ido)
(Consultar a lista dos verbos irregulares no final dos livros.)

Para interrogar e negar usamos o verbo auxiliar “DO”, no passado: DID (*)
Do – did – done (tb pode ser verbo irregular e significa fazer, fiz/estes/eram/mos, feito)

Affirmative: He studied. (Ele estudou) He spoke. (Ele falou)

Negative: He didn’t / did not study. (Ele não estudou)
He didn’t / did not speak. (ele não falou)
(did = indicative de passado)

Interrogative: Did he study ? (Ele estudou?) Did he speak ? (Ele falou?)

O passado simples expressa ações acabadas em tempo definido.
Ex: I walked to school yesterday. (Eu andei/caminhei para a escola ontem.)

Expressa, também, hábitos passados
I always walked to school when I was a child.
(Eu sempre andava para a escola quando era uma criança)

Advérbios mais usados: ago (atrás), last (último), yesterday (ontem),...

Affirmative
I loved you. (Eu te amei)
You loved me (Tu me amastes)
She loved me. (Ela me amou)
He loved me. (Ele me amou)
It loved me. (Ele/ela me amou)
We loved her. (Nós a amávamos).
You loved him. (Vós o amastes)
They loved him. (Eles/as o amaram)

( * )Quando uso o DID, corto o /ID/ E ou ED

Negative - LOVED 
I didn’t love you.
You didn’t love me.
She didn’t love me.
He didn’t love me.
It didn’t love me.
We didn’t love her.
You didn’t love him.
They didn’t love him.

Interrogative
Did I love you?
Did you love me?
Did she love me?
Did he love me?
Did it love me?
Did we love her?
Did you love him?
Did they love him?